The aim of this report is to provide a social and economic diagnosis of rural areas and the rural populations of the Spanish ESIRA partner areas. These reports will act as the basis of D4.1, “Benchmark study on social exclusion in rural areas,” and D4.2, “multi-level analysis of social economy initiatives in rural areas”. The report integrates the available literature at the regional/national level as well as statistical data. However, it includes qualitative information coming from key informants in each area. This is a very valuable resource as it allows us to explore the regions’ situations and the drivers behind the possible social and economic disadvantages. Thus, it analyses the situation of people living in rural areas, focusing on territorial inequalities. A deeper overview of the drivers of vulnerability and social exclusion in rural contexts has been done in Pinares Burgos-Soria region. The analysis considers the social processes in the region and the livelihood opportunities at the municipal level. Existing assets and hidden resources in the municipality were assessed according to statistical data and the opinions of the leading local social economy stakeholders.